Working memory deficits in schizophrenia are associated with the rs34884856 variant and expression levels of the NR4A2 gene in a sample Mexican population: a case control study.

BACKGROUND: Cognitive functions represent useful endophenotypes to identify the association between genetic variants and schizophrenia. In this sense, the NR4A2 gene has been implicated in schizophrenia and cognition in different animal models and clinical trials. We hypothesized that the NR4A2 gene is associated with working memory performance in schizophrenia. This study aimed to analyze two variants and the expression levels of the NR4A2 gene with susceptibility to schizophrenia, as well as to evaluate whether possession of NR4A2 variants influence the possible correlation between gene expression and working memory performance in schizophrenia. METHODS: The current study included 187 schizophrenia patients and 227 controls genotyped for two of the most studied NR4A2 genetic variants in neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases. Genotyping was performed using High Resolution Melt and sequencing techniques. In addition, mRNA expression of NR4A2 was performed in peripheral mononuclear cells of 112 patients and 118 controls. A group of these participants, 54 patients and 87 controls, performed the working memory index of the WAIS III test. RESULTS: Both genotypic frequencies of the two variants and expression levels of the NR4A2 gene showed no significant difference when in patients versus controls. However, patients homozygous for the rs34884856 promoter variant showed a positive correlation between expression levels and auditory working memory. CONCLUSIONS: Our finding suggested that changes in expression levels of the NR4A2 gene could be associated with working memory in schizophrenia depending on patients' genotype in a sample from a Mexican population.

Prevalencia de síndrome metabólico en un hospital psiquiátrico de México / Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in a psychiatric hospital in Mexico

Introducción. El síndrome metabólico (SM) se integra por elevación de presión arterial, hipercolesterolemía, hipertrigliceridemía, hiperglucemia y obesidad abdominal; México ocupa el segundo lugar mundial en prevalencia de obesidad; se ha reportado que el uso de psicofármacos aumenta riesgo de SM. Objetivo. Detectar prevalencia de SM en pacientes con diagnóstico psiquiátrico y con o sin tratamiento psicofarmacológico. Material y Método. Se diseñó estudio observacional descriptivo, se obtuvo consentimiento informado, recolectándose muestra de 216 pacientes en periodo de seis meses, todos mayores de 18 años de edad. Se midieron las siguientes variables: presión arterial, peso, talla, circunferencia abdominal, niveles séricos de triglicéridos, glucosa y lipoproteínas de alta densidad, por test enzimático colorimétrico en analizador Roche. Análisis estadístico: t student, prueba exacta Fisher y Cochran-Matel-Haenszel. Resultados. El 50 % de la muestra tuvo circunferencia abdominal >88cm; 10% glicemia superior a 110mg/dl, 30% triglicéridos >150mg/dl; el14 % cumplió con criterios de SM. Al agrupar pacientes con y sin SM comparando glucosa y triglicéridos se obtiene p=0,0001 Con 93,4% de confianza se acepta relación sedentarismo y SM. Mujeres con 40-59 años de edad tienden a SM, 98,4% confianza. El único antecedente familiar asociado a SM fue obesidad (97,7% confianza). Existe relación positiva entre SM y uso de antipsicóticos típicos o atípicos. Los ISRS se relacionan con SM significativamente p=0,072 y 91,5% de confianza; benzodiacepinas conp=0,073 y 92,7% de confianza. Conclusiones. Solamente el 14% de la muestra presentó SM; los psicofármacos sí se asociaron a SM, teniendo mayor riesgo mujeres entre 40-59 años (AU)

Introduction. The metabolic syndrome (MS) is formed by elevated blood pressure, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemía, hyperglycemia and abdominal obesity. Mexico occupies the second place worldwide in prevalence of obesity. It has been reported that the use of psychopharmaceuticals increase the risk of MS. Objective. To detect prevalence of MS in patients with a psychiatric diagnosis with or without psychopharmaceutical treatment. Material and Methods. An observational, descriptive study was designed. Informed consent was obtained, enrolling a sample of 216 patients in the six-month period, all of them over 18 years of age. The following variables were measured: blood pressure, weight, height, waist circumference, triglyceride, glucose and high-density lipoprotein serum levels, by colorimetric enzyme assay in Roche analyzer. Statistical analysis: Student’s t-test, and Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel and Fisher’s exact test. Results. A total of 50% of the sample had a waist circumference >88 cm; 10% glycemia superior to 110mg/dl, 30% triglycerides >150 mg/dl; 14% met the MScriteria. When patients with and without MS were grouped, and glucose and triglycerides were compared, ap 0.0001 was obtained. With a 93.4% confidence interval, the relationship between sedentary life and MS was ayuaccepted. Women, aged 40-59 years tended to have MS, with 98.4% CI. The only family background associated to MS was obesity (97.7% CI). There is a positive relationship between MS and the use of typical or atypical antipsychotics. SSRIs are significantly related with MS: p0.072 and 91.5% confidence interval, benzodiazepines with p 0.073 and 92.7% confidence interval. Conclusions. Only 14% of the sample had MS. Psychopharmaceuticals were associated to MS, women between 40 to 59 years having a greater risk (AU)

Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in a psychiatric hospital in Mexico.

INTRODUCTION: The metabolic syndrome (MS) is formed by elevated blood pressure, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemía, hyperglycemia and abdominal obesity. Mexico occupies the second place worldwide in prevalence of obesity. It has been reported that the use of psychopharmaceuticals increase the risk of MS. OBJECTIVE: To detect prevalence of MS in patients with a psychiatric diagnosis with or without psychopharmaceutical treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An observational, descriptive study was designed. Informed consent was obtained, enrolling a sample of 216 patients in the six-month period, all of them over 18 years of age. The following variables were measured: blood pressure, weight, height, waist circumference, triglyceride, glucose and high-density lipoprotein serum levels, by colorimetric enzyme assay in Roche analyzer. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Student's t-test, and Cochran-Mantel- Haenszel and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: A total of 50% of the sample had a waist circumference >88 cm; 10% glycemia superior to 110 mg/dl, 30% triglycerides >150 mg/dl; 14% met the MS criteria. When patients with and without MS were grouped, and glucose and triglycerides were compared, a p 0.0001 was obtained. With a 93.4% confidence interval, the relationship between sedentary life and MS was accepted. Women, aged 40-59 years tended to have MS, with 98.4% CI. The only family background associated to MS was obesity (97.7% CI). There is a positive relationship between MS and the use of typical or atypical antipsychotics. SSRIs are significantly related with MS: p 0.072 and 91.5% confidence interval, benzodiazepines with p 0.073 and 92.7% confidence interval. CONCLUSIONS: Only 14% of the sample had MS. Psychopharmaceuticals were associated to MS, women between 40 to 59 years having a greater risk.

Psiquiatría biológica mexicana / Mexican biological physchiatry

Compilación de trabajos que forman parte del archivo de la Sociedad Mexicana de Psiquiatría Biológica y que han sido reunidos en el presente libro para mostrar los avances de dicho Instituto en cuestión de salud mental. El documento se divide en: 1. Presentación 2. Veinticinco años de la Sociedad Médica de Psiquiatría Biológica 3. Epistemología de la psiquiatría 4. Psicoterapia y psicofármacos 5. Jaqueca: su perfil psicológico 6. Diagnóstico de la depresión 7. La rehabilitación del enfermo mental 8. Regulación neuroendócrina y alteraciones del sueño en la depresión 9. Litio en esquizofrenia 10. Tratamiento de la depresión en el anciano 11. Fiebre reumática y enfermedad mental 12. Demencia senil